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This section needs additional citations for. Servile French borrowings also date from the Napoleonic era, when the Poles were enthusiastic supporters of. Najczêściej wyszukiwane: randki, dziewczyny, sympatia w Rotterdamie, ogloszenia towarzyskie, dziewczyny w Rotterdamie,randki w Amsterdamie, og³oszenia matrymonialne, randki matrymonialne, randka, sympatia w Amsterdamie,polska sympatia, anonse matrymonialne, polskie dziewczyny, dziewczyny w Holandii, anonse towarzyskie,sympatia w Holandii. Con the distances are bigger it usually takes months polisz dating pl the meeting is set so it is a good place for shy and patient people. For details, see in the article on Polish phonology. In Ukraine it is most common in western andwhile in it is used by the sol Polish minority, especially in the and regions and in areas along the Lithuanian border. The exceptions to the above rule are certain loanwords from Latin, Italian, French, Russian or English—where s before i is pronounced as s, e.
This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January 2017 Polish język polski or simply polski is a spoken primarily in and is the of the. It belongs to the subgroup of the. Polish is the of Poland, but it is also used throughout the world by in other countries. There are over 55 million Polish language speakers around the world and it is one of the official. Its written standard is the , which has 9 additions to the letters of the basic ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż. Polish is closely related to , , , , and. Polish polski Pronunciation Native to , , , , , central-western , bordering regions of western and western , ,. Ethnicity Language codes — Individual code: — 53-AAA-cc varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper , you may see instead of characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see. Although the , and administrations exerted much pressure on the Polish nation during the 19th and early 20th centuries following the , which resulted in attempts to suppress the Polish language, a rich literature has regardless developed over the centuries and the language currently has the largest number of speakers of the West Slavic group. It is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after and just ahead of. Historically, Polish is known to be an important language, both diplomatically and academically in and. Today, Polish is spoken by over 38. It is also spoken as a second language in northern and , , western parts of and , and central-western. Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods, most notably after , millions of Polish speakers can be found in countries such as , , , , , the , , and. Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century, the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state. With Christianity, Poland also adopted the , which made it possible to write down Polish, until then existing only as a spoken language. Ultimately, Polish is thought to descend from the unattested language. Polish was a from 1500—1700 in and small portions of , because of the political, cultural, scientific and military influence of the former. Poland is the most linguistically European country; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their. Elsewhere, constitute large minorities in , , and. Polish is the most widely used minority language in Lithuania's 26% of the population, according to the 2001 census results, with having been part of Poland from 1922 until 1939 and is found elsewhere in southeastern Lithuania. In Ukraine it is most common in western and , while in it is used by the significant Polish minority, especially in the and regions and in areas along the Lithuanian border. There are significant numbers of Polish speakers among and their descendants in many other countries. In the , number more than 11 million but most of them cannot speak Polish fluently. According to the , 667,414 Americans of age five years and over reported Polish as the language spoken at home, which is about 1. The largest concentrations of Polish speakers reported in the census over 50% were found in three states: 185,749 , 111,740 , and 74,663. Enough people in these areas speak Polish that which has a large number of branches in all of these areas offer services available in Polish at all of their in addition to and. In , there is a significant : There are 242,885 speakers of Polish according to the 2006 census, with a particular concentration in 91,810 speakers and. The geographical distribution of the Polish language was greatly affected by the and. Some Poles remained in the previously Polish-ruled territories in the east that were annexed by the , resulting in the present-day Polish-speaking minorities in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, although many Poles were expelled or emigrated from those areas to areas within Poland's new borders. Meanwhile, the , as well as the and , the 1947 forced resettlement of Ukrainian minorities to the Recovered Territories in the west of the country, contributed to the country's linguistic homogeneity. The Polish alphabet contains 32 letters. Q, V and X are not used in the Polish language. The Polish language became far more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century, in part due to the mass migration of several million Polish citizens from the eastern to the western part of the country after the annexation of the in 1939, and the annexation of after World War II. This tendency toward a homogeneity also stems from the vertically integrated nature of the. First-language speakers of Polish have no trouble understanding each other, and non-native speakers may have difficulty distinguishing regional variations. It contains a number of features not found elsewhere in Poland, e. Many linguistic sources about the Slavic languages describe Silesian as a dialect of Polish. However, many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating for the recognition of a Silesian language. According to the last official census in Poland in 2011, over half a million people declared Silesian as their native language. Many sociolinguistic sources e. Also, language organizations like as and resources for the academic field of linguistics like as , and other, for example recognized Silesian language. In July 2007, the Silesian language was recognized by an , and was attributed an ISO code of szl. It exhibits some cultural influences from the shepherds who migrated from southern Romania in the 14th—17th centuries. Praga remained the only part of Warsaw where the population survived World War II relatively intact. However, these city dialects are now mostly extinct due to assimilation with standard Polish. Main article: Polish has six oral vowels all and two. The Polish system shows more complexity: its characteristic features include the series of and that resulted from four and two further palatalizations that took place in Polish and. For details, see in the article on Polish phonology. Most Polish words are that is, the falls on the second-to-last syllable of a polysyllabic word , although there are exceptions. Main articles: and The derives from the , but includes certain additional letters formed using. The Polish alphabet was one of three major forms of Latin-based orthography developed for Slavic languages, the others being and , the latter being a 19th-century invention trying to make a compromise between the first two. The letters q, v, x are often not considered part of the Polish alphabet; they are used only in foreign words and names. Polish orthography is largely —there is a consistent correspondence between letters or and and phonemes for exceptions see below. The letters of the alphabet and their normal phonemic values are listed in the following table. Occasionally also voiceless consonant letters can represent voiced sounds in clusters. The exceptions to the above rule are certain loanwords from Latin, Italian, French, Russian or English—where s before i is pronounced as s, e. In other loanwords the vowel i is changed to y, e. Syria, Sybir, synchronizacja, Syrakuzy. Most Polish speakers, however, do not consider palatalisation of k, g, c h or l as creating new sounds. The letters ą and ę, when followed by plosives and affricates, represent an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant, rather than a nasal vowel. When followed by l or ł for example przyjęli, przyjęły , ę is pronounced as just e. When ę is at the end of the word it is often pronounced as just. In occasional words, letters that normally form a digraph are pronounced separately. Notice that doubled letters represent separate occurrences of the sound in question; for example Anna is pronounced in Polish the double n is often pronounced as a lengthened single n. There are certain clusters where a written consonant would not be pronounced. Main article: Polish is a highly , with relatively free , although the dominant arrangement is SVO. There are no , and subject pronouns are often. A distinction is also made between and inanimate masculine nouns in the , and between masculine personal and non-masculine-personal nouns in the. There are seven : nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative. Most short adjectives and their derived form and by inflection the superlative is formed by prefixing naj- to the comparative. Numbers higher than five except for those ending with the digit 2, 3 or 4 govern the rather than the nominative or accusative. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January 2017 Polish has, over the centuries, borrowed a number of words from other languages. When borrowing, pronunciation was adapted to Polish phonemes and spelling was altered to match Polish orthography. In addition, word endings are liberally applied to almost any word to produce verbs, nouns, adjectives, as well as adding the appropriate endings for cases of nouns, adjectives, , double-diminutives, , etc. Depending on the historical period, borrowing has proceeded from various languages. Notable influences have been 9th—18th centuries , 10th and 14th—15th centuries , 15th—16th centuries , 18th—19th centuries , German 13—15th and 18th—20th centuries , 14th—16th centuries and 17th century. Currently, English words are the most common imports to Polish. The Latin language, for a very long time the only official language of the Polish state, has had a great influence on Polish. Many Polish words rzeczpospolita from res publica were direct borrowings from Latin. Apart from dozens of loanwords, its influence can also be seen in a number of verbatim Latin phrases in especially from the 19th century and earlier. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Mongolian words were brought to the Polish language during wars with the armies of and his descendants, e. Words from , an important influence during the 10th and 14th—15th centuries include , hańba and brama. In 1518, the Polish king married , the niece of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian, who introduced Italian cuisine to Poland, especially vegetables. In the 18th century, with the rising prominence of France in Europe, supplanted Latin as an important source of words. Some French borrowings also date from the Napoleonic era, when the Poles were enthusiastic supporters of. Many words were borrowed from the German language from the sizable German population in Polish cities during medieval times. German words found in the Polish language are often connected with trade, the building industry, civic rights and city life. Some words were assimilated verbatim, for example handel trade and dach roof ; others are pronounced the same, but differ in writing schnur— sznur cord. As a result of being neighbours with Germany, Polish has many German expressions which have become literally translated. The regional of and Modern Polish have noticeably more German loanwords than other dialects. From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through the early years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country of Jews in Europe. As a result, many Polish words come from , spoken by the large population that existed until the. Borrowed Yiddish words include bachor an unruly boy or child , bajzel slang for mess , belfer slang for teacher , ciuchy slang for clothing , cymes slang for very tasty food , geszeft slang for business , kitel slang for apron , machlojka slang for scam , mamona money , manele slang for oddments , myszygene slang for lunatic , pinda slang for girl, pejoratively , plajta slang for bankruptcy , rejwach noise , szmal slang for money , and trefny dodgy. The mountain dialects of the in southern Poland, have quite a number of words borrowed from e. Recent loanwords come primarily from the , mainly those that have or roots, for example komputer computer , korupcja from 'corruption', but sense restricted to 'bribery' , etc. Concatenation of parts of words e. When borrowing English words, Polish often changes their spelling. For example, Latin suffix '-tio' corresponds to -cja. To make the word plural, -cja becomes -cje. Examples of this include inauguracja inauguration , dewastacja devastation , recepcja reception , konurbacja conurbation and konotacje connotations. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January 2017 The Polish language has influenced others. Particular influences appear in other Slavic languages and in — due to their proximity and shared borders. Quite a few culinary loanwords exist in German and in other languages, some of which describe distinctive features of Polish cuisine. These include German and English Quark from twaróg a kind of fresh cheese; see: and German Gurke, English gherkin from ogórek cucumber. The word Polish dumplings has spread internationally, as well as Polish donuts and kiełbasa sausage see e. As far as pierogi concerned, the original Polish word is already in plural sing. The word entered the English language from the Polish name of a historical region, today part of. Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2. Retrieved 30 April 2014. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Archived from on September 7, 2011. The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from on October 16, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2008. The Slavonic Languages, edited by and Greville G. Archived from on October 3, 2012. Archived from on 2008-06-30.
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